The problem of estimating the variance of the ratio estimator in sampling with probability proportional to aggregate size is investigated. The form of nonnegative unbiased variance estimators is found ...

For unequal probability sampling designs, design-based variance estimation is cumbersome because it requires second-order inclusion probabilities. For most fixed sample size probability ...

Survey sampling and estimation methods form the cornerstone of modern statistical inference, underpinning research across the social, medical, and natural sciences. At their heart, these methods ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...