With artificial intelligence increasingly deployed in analysis and decision-making in armed conflict, research shows AI systems will not naturally default to ‘safe’ outcomes in nuclear crises.

The linear no-threshold (LNT) model and the ALARA principle have served as the conceptual and operational foundations of the global radiation protection framework for many decades. The LNT model is a ...

Physics is the search for and application of rules that can help us understand and predict the world around us. Central to physics are ideas such as energy, mass, particles and waves. Physics attempts ...