Over the past decades, computer scientists have developed numerous artificial intelligence (AI) systems that can process human speech in different languages. The extent to which these models replicate ...

Abstract: Multimodal speech emotion recognition (SER) has emerged as pivotal for improving human–machine interaction. Researchers are increasingly leveraging both speech and textual information ...

Abstract: Due to rapid advancements in deep learning, Transformer-based architectures have proven effective in speech emotion recognition (SER), largely due to their ability to model long-term ...